Entomology Update - March 2025

A variable month, weather-wise - frost at night but some days very Spring-like. Blossom and buds bursting, but with the cold nights only one moth in the first moth trap of the year. 

In it for the long term

Recovered grasslands need more than 75 years of continuous management to regain their biodiversity.

Knee deep in Malacostraca

Amphipods abound, but are contradictory in unexpected ways. 

Book Recommendations: 

The Naturalists, by Diane Smith 

In the spring of 1898, Alex Bartram, a medical student with a passion for botany, has secured a place on a Smithsonian-sponsored field study to Yellowstone National Park. The only problem is that Alex is a woman, joining an all-male team rather wary of the female of the species.  A great read. 

The History of the Countryside, by Oliver Rackham

I've spent years meaning to read Oliver Rackham's book, published in 1997. Now I have and it remains an eye-opener. I have learned so much. If you've never read this, do yourself a favour. 

Forthcoming talks:

Hidden Details - The Magic of Macro Photography - Monday 07.04.2025, 19:30, online via Zoom

An introduction to macro photography - capturing small subjects at a very close range, often revealing details that are not easily seen. This talk is aimed at people interested in starting macro photography and those who would like to improve their photos. 

Bugs - the little things that run the world - Friday 11.04.2025, 19:30

A talk about finding and photographing Bugs (Hemiptera), their ecological importance and our rapidly changing fauna. From vegans to vampires, integrated pest management to exotic imports, bugs cannot be underestimated yet are widely ignored. LRWT North West Group, Ashby Methodist Church, Burton Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouch LE65 2LF. 

News from Elsewhere...

Tree.fm 

Tune into forests from around the world. Escape & relax.

https://www.tree.fm/

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Knee deep in Malacostraca

This week I have been mostly thinking about Malacostraca, specifically Amphipods - "different feet" - referring to the different types of legs they have, some for eating and some for swimming. Amphipods are highly important invertebrates - primary decomposers which carry out the bulk of shredding of vegetation such as dead leaves, speeding up nutrient cycling by other organisms. The most commonly encountered Amphipod is Gammarus pulex/fossarum agg., which is in fact a species complex of many cryptic species distinguishable only by DNA analysis (Continental-scale patterns of hyper-cryptic diversity within the freshwater model taxon Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea, Amphipoda). (2020) Scientific reports, 10(1), 16536). 

I find Gammarus pulex/fossarum agg. pretty much everywhere I look, and around here that means fairly degraded aquatic environments. Urban rivers are some of the most anthropogenically modified landscapes on Earth, resulting in characteristic low diversity communities ("urban stream syndrome"). Several recent projects have aimed to clean up Leicester's watercourses. Although well-meaning these are mostly cosmetic since nothing has been done to reduce harmful inputs, and there has been no real progress in reversing the damaging concrete canalisation of past decades. A few wild flowers and shrubs have been planted and litter, such as the inevitable shopping trolleys, removed. Surprisingly, litter removal in itself might be counter productive. Invertebrates readily colonise artificial surfaces as long as they are non-toxic. An article from Nottingham and Loughborough looked at several urban streams including Saffron Brook and showed that anthropogenic litter in urban rivers supports distinct and diverse macroinvertebrate communities (Anthropogenic litter is a novel habitat for aquatic macroinvertebrates in urban rivers. (2021) Freshwater Biology, 66(3), 524-534). Compared with the harshness of the bare concrete channel, building waste, broken bottles and shopping trolleys are invertebrate paradise. Once again wildlife and the tidy brigade are in conflict. 

 

In it for the long term

Recovered grasslands need more than 75 years of continuous management to regain their biodiversity because specialized pollinators are slow to return (also applies to fungi, etc, e.g. waxcaps). This underscores the importance of preserving old grasslands as reservoirs of biodiversity. Don't let developers tell you otherwise! 

Long-term management is required for the recovery of pollination networks and function in restored grasslands, Journal of Applied Ecology (2025). DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.70017

Entomology Update - February 2025

Another month of unhelpful weather for entomology, so in between rare (and unproductive) trips, I've been delving into DNA - stuck indoors for most of the month I've clearly had too much time on my hands. 

DNA Barcoding - where are we, and why should I care?

A helpful overview of DNA barcoding. Whether you like it or not, DNA is an increasingly important (but not the only) part of entomology. 

The Kleidocerys Conundrum - Resolved?

I revisited the taxonomic problem surrounding a group of Bugs which has been bothering me for a while. 

Another instance of DNA not helping

More DNA delving, Springtails this time. 

One (OM) Lens to Rule Them All

Sorry, another photography post! 

What's in a name? The Tangled History of the "Charnwood Spider"

DNA, DNA, what's worse than DNA? Taxonomy, that's what! 

 

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What's in a name? The Tangled History of the "Charnwood Spider"

Like it or not, we need to start with some history (and taxonomy - sorry). 

Mastigusa diversa - a troubled past   See: https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/776/Mastigusa

• The name Cryphoeca arietina was first used by Thorell in 1871, having been previously misidentified as Hahnia pratensis by Menge. 
• This species was then identified as Cryphoeca diversa by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1893. 
• In 1908 Pickard-Cambridge renamed it Cryphoeca recisam.
• In 1913 after wandering around Sherwood Forest, A.R. Jackson renamed it again as Tetrilus recisus (On some new and obscure British spiders. Transactions and Annual Report of the "Nottingham Naturalists' Society" 60: 20-49). 
• In 1937 Eugène Simon renamed it Tetrilus diversus, and in 1953 Locket & Millidge called it Tetrilus macrophthalmus.
• In 1986 Wunderlich changed the genus (again) to Mastigusa macrophthalma, based on taxonomic priority from the species name Tuberta arietina macrophthalma used by Chyzer & Kulczyński in 1897. 
• Which brings us to the taxonomic revision by Castellucci, Luchetti & Scharff in 2024, which suggested that UK specimens were likely to be a new species, Mastigusa diversa. (See: Charnwood Confusion Continues).

Enter DNA. Based on the results of Castellucci et al, my initial hunch was that UK specimens would end up as Mastigusa arietina. But this is Mastigusa we're talking about, and it's not that simple. M. arietina was about to disappear from the UK Checklist, not having been recorded for 100 years (UK specimens having been called ... M. macrophthalma - see above!). Thanks to the Tanyptera Project at the World Museum in Liverpool, DNA barcoding has now been carried out on specimens from across the UK. One of the specimens has in fact turned out to be M. arietina, but most UK specimens are Mastigusa diversa as predicted by Castellucci et al. But what about the Charnwood Spider? The Tanyptera Project says: 

"Mastigusa (Charnwood) - the DNA was sequenced successfully and at a high quality. ... Following these results, the results of your previous Mastigusa, and the papers you provided us, we are confident that this is likely Mastigusa diversa."

You would hope that this DNA-supported moniker now persists. The spider, nor its Spanish cousins ... doesn't care. 

With grateful thanks to Richard Gallon, BAS Spider Recording Scheme, for organizing this work and the Tanyptera Project at the World Museum in Liverpool for carrying out the DNA barcoding and funding it. 

Castellucci, F., Scharff, N., & Luchetti, A. (2023) Molecular systematics and phylogenetics of the spider genus Mastigusa Menge, 1854 (Araneae, Cybaeidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 107833. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790323001331

 

One (OM) Lens to Rule Them All

The Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 75-300mm f/4.8-6.7 gets looked down on by Olympus snobs because it's "not as sharp" as some of the much heavier OM Pro lenses. I've just picked up an excellent used copy of one of these compact, light, cheap (everythng is relative!) lenses. So what do I think? 

For just over £200 I've got a 600mm full-frame equivalent lens which is capable of photographing a bird at the top of a tree, or at closest focus filling the frame with a 10cm long subject. And by clipping a Raynox DCR250 lens on the front I can get 1.5X magnification, filling the frame with a 1.5cm long subject. My reason for buying this lens is not to photograph birds though :-)  This is the lens I want for photographing flying insects - dragonflies, butterflies, hoverflies - if only there were some flying insects around at present! 

But is it sharp enough? I'll let you decide:

click for larger image

 

The Kleidocerys Conundrum - Resolved?

I've been bothered about Kleidocerys for a while - specifically, is Kleidocerys ericae a separate species from the familiar Birch Catkin Bug, Kleidocerys resedae? See: The Kleidocerys Conundrum. When I cogitated about this two years ago it was obvious that DNA was the way out of the mess. A recent paper spurred me into action - time to find an answer. 

In a nutshell, DNA barcoding is a method of identifying species by sequencing a short, conserved region of DNA. The ideal DNA barcode gene needs to have enough variation between species to tell them apart, but be conserved enough within a species so it can be easily identified. The 5' portion of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-5P) has become the standard Arthropod barcoding marker. A vast amount of DNA barcode data has now accumulated. At the time of writing, the International Barcode of Life (iBOL) initiative - www.boldsystems.org - has examined 26 million specimens, 21 million of them from Arthropods. Helpfully, the BOLD website makes it (relatively) easy to examine them, so I plunged into looking at the Kleidocerys data. 

CAVEAT: It's been a while since I did this professionally, and even then, it wasn't really my specialism. What follows is my interpretation. Others reading this may well know far more about it than I do, in which case, please let me know. 

A DNA dendrogram - tree diagram (if it was good enough for Darwin to sketch in his notebook, it's good enough for me) - is a visual representation of the genetic relationships between different organisms, or in this case, DNA sequences. Here's the tree for the Kleidocerys COI-5P barcodes:

(click for larger image)

In summary:

• Kleidocerys resedae and K. ericae each form sequence clusters with similar levels of relatedness. This supports the idea that they are indeed separate species.
• Kleidocerys privignus, very similar in appearance to K. resedae but which is said to occur on Alder, also appears to to be a separate species. (NB: one privignus sequence clusters within the resedae sequences (blue arrow) - presumably a misidentified specimen). 

So what does it mean for me? That I probably need to keep looking for K. ericae, although it is possible that it may not occur in VC55. I've been told that K. resedae can occur anywhere, but K. ericae is only found on Erica species (and not on Calluna), that that may help to target the search. It also means that I should probably look for K. privignus - time to target the Alders this year. 

Has this made my life simpler? Nope. When did technology ever do that?

 

DNA Barcoding - where are we, and why should I care?

"Most insects encountered in the field are initially entomological dark matter in that they cannot be identified to species while alive." The DNA revolution in entomology has been progressing diligently in the background but not making much of a splash with civilians. A new paper provides a good overview of the state of the art and makes a prediction: the big leap happens when DNA and AI start working together. 

Illuminating entomological dark matter with DNA barcodes in an era of insect decline, deep learning, and genomics. (2024) Annual Review of Entomology, 70: 185-204 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-040124-014001

Abstract: 

Most insects encountered in the field are initially entomological dark matter in that they cannot be identified to species while alive. This explains the enduring quest for efficient ways to identify collected specimens. Morphological tools came first but are now routinely replaced or complemented with DNA barcodes. Initially too expensive for widespread use, these barcodes have since evolved into powerful tools for specimen identification and sorting, given that the evolution of sequencing approaches has dramatically reduced the cost of barcodes, thus enabling decentralized deployment across the planet. In this article, we review how DNA barcodes have become a key tool for accelerating biodiversity discovery and analyzing insect communities through both megabarcoding and metabarcoding in an era of insect decline. We predict that DNA barcodes will be particularly important for assembling image training sets for deep learning algorithms, global biodiversity genomics, and functional analysis of insect communities.

This set me thinking .. (contd)

 

Entomology Update - January 2025

Only a limited amount of entomology from me this month - the weather not helping - but lots of updates. 

Ants - Naturalists Handbook

Should I buy more books? :-)

What *another* camera? Part 2: All out on OM

This is a long and detailed post about photography (macrophotography specifically), you can skip this if you're not interested.  Also nerdy: In Praise of the Flying Nun.

Diptera for the Desperate

An unexpected find in the garden.

Parasitic Pink Pom Poms

You might think day-glo pink fungi would be hard to overlook, but this one isn't often recorded. 

UPF - Ultra Processed fertilizer

A new research paper helps to explain the lack of biodiversity in hige swathes of VC55. 

It's not the dogs fault

Since the pandemic the number of dogs has exploded, and with that, the amount of environmental harm being caused. II don't blame the dogs for this... 

Finally some good news

2025 begins on a bright note with new life breathed into the UK Springtail Recording Scheme. 

If you'd like to see *lots* more photos, I post them regularly on my Bluesky account: https://bsky.app/profile/ajcann.bsky.social

 

 

 

It's not the dogs fault

Since the pandemic the number of dogs has exploded, and with that, the amount of environmental harm being caused. I've seen so much habitat degradation over the last few years, associated with much heavier traffic than years ago. I don't blame the dogs for this. Working from home also plays a large part... The question is, what are we going to do about it? 

Unleashed: walking dogs off the lead greatly increases habitat disturbance in UK lowland heathlands.  (2024) Urban Ecosystems, 1-10.  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11252-024-01568-4

Abstract: Human population growth is associated with increased disturbance to wildlife. This effect is particularly acute in urban and periurban areas, where the area of effective disturbance extends beyond that of human presence by the roaming behaviour of pet dogs. Dogs are globally the dominant companion animal, with a population of ~12 million in the UK. As urban areas extend, dogs are exercised in green space close to housing. In southeast and southern England these areas include lowland heath, a habitat of high conservation value. To quantify disturbance caused by dog walkers and their dogs, we used GPS units to track the movement of people and their dogs across four lowland heath sites, used a questionnaire to ask about dog walking habits, and mapped potential areas of disturbance caused by dog walkers. Questionnaires were completed by 798 dog walkers and the walks of 162 owners and their 185 dogs were recorded. Mean (±SE) walk time was 56 ± 23 min, walk distance 3.75±1.68 km and dogs were a median distance of 20 m from the owner during walks. Dogs were walked once (44%) or twice (56%) a day. Most (always: 85%; always or occasionally: 95%) dogs were walked off the lead even when signs were present requesting that dogs were kept on a lead. This resulted in up to a 21% increase in reserve area disturbed. In one reserve (Snelsmore Common), >90% of the area was disturbed by dogs, greatly eroding its conservation value. This work highlights the importance of considering how dog ownership can exacerbate levels of disturbance in sensitive periurban habitats when housing developments are planned.

 

There's useful information on Managing visitors with dogs in your woodland from WWW.GOV.UK here.

 

UPF - Ultra Processed fertilizer

A new research paper shows a large and significant negative effect of the major plant nutrients (NPK) on the abundance, species richness and functional diversity of both pollinators and flowering plants. Even average use of nitrogen fertilisers cut flower numbers fivefold and halved pollinating insects. This isn't a novel finding but the data presented is incontrovertible. This helps to explain the lack of biodiversity in huge swathes of VC55. 

Trade-off between pollinator-wildflower diversity & grassland yields. npj Biodiversity volume 4, Article number: 1 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/s44185-024-00070-6

In Praise of the Flying Nun

Macro photography has been hugely improved by the development of "flying nun" flash diffusers (such as Cygnustech diffuser, AK, MK, etc - good comparison here: https://wildmacro.de/the-best-flash-diffusers-for-macro-photography/). The closeness of the flash to the subject causes hot spots and burnt out highlights, and shiny subjects such as beetles are particularly difficult. The curved diffusion surface helps to solve these issues. 

 

Photography Equipment

I get asked this question, so for the record, my photos are currently taken using:

• Macro photos taken using OM System OM-5, OM SYSTEM M.Zuiko Digital ED 90mm f3.5 Macro IS PRO lens, +/- Raynox DCR-250/DCR150, Godox V860IIIO flash, Cygnustech diffuser.
• Field Photographs (2023 on) taken using an Olympus TG-6 with the Olympus TG Light Guide. 

More details here. 

Previously:

• Sony a6500, Sony FE 90mm F2.8 Macro G OSS +/- Raynox DCR-250, Godox V860IIIS flash, Cygnustech diffuser.

Microscopy:

• Microscope photos taken using a Sony a7Rii on a GXM UltraZoom-3 trinocular stereo zoom microscope. (Prior to 2022, I used a GXM XTL3T101 microscope.)
• Higher magnifications using a Sony a6000 on an Apex Practitioner compound microscope.
• Images stacked where necessary with Helicon Focus.

One very important caveat:

 

If you went to a Michelin-starred restaurant and ate the most delicious meal of your life, would you ask the chef ,"What oven do you use"?

 

Parasitic Pink Pom Poms

 

On a recent outing Arthropods were very hard to find, but while searching I spotted some pink dots on a lichen-covered twig. It was one of those occasions when I knew exactly what it was, the lichenicolous fungus (a fungus which is a parasite on lichens) Illosporiopsis christiansenii. You might think day-glo pink fungi would be hard to overlook, but sizeism kicks in and they are usually overlooked because of their small size. I've been looking for this species and while it's not rare I've not seen it before. There are a couple of species it could be confused with so to confirm I checked the characteristic coiled spores under the microscope. 

Diptera for the Desperate

Recently I wrote about buying a new camera which required some practice, but after a few days of household items such as pencils and peppercorns, I was desperate for some insects to photograph. My first outing immediately after the snow drew a complete blank, so I had to wait a couple of days for it to warm up before bothering the Ivy in the garden. 

As luck would have it, the very first thing I found turned out to be Dioxyna bidentis, the Bur-marigold Fly. This turned out to be the first record of this species for VC55. Even odder, there's no Bur-marigold around here, but some research told me that the larvae of this species develop in the flower heads of a range of Asteraceae. Here, I suspect that's my carefully cultivated Ragwort (at least, what survives annual decimation by the Cinnabar Moth larvae). 

This odd coincidence makes me wonder what would happen if Jennifer Owen were to repeat her 30 year study - how different would the results be?

 

What *another* camera? Part 2: All out on OM

This is a long and detailed post about photography (macrophotography specifically), you can skip this if you're not interested. 

A year ago I bought an Olympus TG-6 camera for macro photography (What *another* camera? Olympus TG-6 review). This pocket camera has turned out to be a very good buy and I've used it more and more, often in preference to my full Sony macrophotography setup due to convenience. It's the first "Olympus" camera I've ever owned, although Olympus cameras ceased to exist a few years ago and the rights were bought by an entirely new company, OM Systems (but if you say OM to non-photographers you get blank looks, so people still call them Olympus - don't tell the lawyers). Over the last year OM kit has gone from strength to strength, particularly in macrophotography, while Sony has dropped the ball to some extent and is now about the only camera company not to introduce in-camera focus stacking. This is a shame as I've got a big investment in Sony cameras but I've finally given up waiting. 

The Technical Bit: Digital cameras with 35mm sensors are referred to as full frame (the same size as photographic film). As sensors improved, a new smaller sensor format emerged, APS-C. The advantage of these smaller sensors is that the cameras, and in particular the lenses, can be smaller and lighter. An even smaller format, micro four thirds, was released by Olympus and Panasonic nearly 20 years ago, allowing even smaller and lighter systems. There is a price to pay. Smaller sensors are less efficient at light gathering than big sensors and so micro four thirds cameras are light hungry.

As I get older (don't tell anyone) equipment weight becomes a more important consideration for me, although this is secondary to the value of in-camera focus stacking, which a year with the TG-6 has convinced me about. The OM flagship system is the OM-1 with the M.Zuiko Digital ED 90mm f3.5 Macro IS PRO lens, and macro photographers are achieving stunning results with this, but for me it has two problems. My equipment-buying philosophy is to buy good condition used kit from reliable resellers, generally one or two models down from the lastest top of the line models. This generally costs a third to half the price of the latest shiny kit and has served me well over the years. The 90mm macro lens isn't generally available second hand yet and a new OM-1/90mm setup is three thousand quid. No. There's an even bigger (literally) problem. The OM-1/90mm setup is almost the same size and weight as my Sony system, so the only advantage is the focus stacking. 

So I bought a used OM-5 and M.Zuiko Digital ED 60mm F2.8 Macro lens. The price was much more reasonable and the weight (610g) is half the weight of my Sony kit (1077g). Coming from the Sony FE 90mm F2.8 Macro lens the OM 60mm feels like a toy, but certainly doesn't behave like one. (Update: I subsequetnly traded the 60mm lens and the Sony macro lens for a OM SYSTEM M.Zuiko Digital ED 90mm f3.5 Macro IS PRO).

Inevitably, having changed manufacturers, there were all sorts of extra bits I had to buy - batteries, filters, etc. This was expected, but then I hit a problem. My Godox flash (Sony version) didn't work with the OM-5. I wasn't sure about this but sadly these things all have proprietary fittings. As I said, micro four thirds sensors are light hungry, macrophotography even more so, thus a new OM-compatible flash was an unavoidable extra expense. 

All photographers moan about camera menu systems but after a year with the TG-6 I thought I'd be OK with the switch to the OM-5. In fact, it proved to be a pretty steep learning curve and I'm still dialling in on the best settings for me. The 60mm macro lens is pretty good, although for my needs it lacks a little bit of magnification so I'm pushing it further with some add-ons. The micro four thirds sensor imaging area is 17.3x13mm and the maximum magnification of the 60mm lens is 1:1. Adding a Raynox DCR150 lens gives 1:1.3 magnification (13mm long subject area) and a Raynox DCR250 gives 1:1.5 (11mm subject area). I can increase this more with extension tubes. I've still got a way to go practicing with this new setup but I'm getting there. It seems to work (click for larger image):

 One very important caveat:

If you went to a Michelin-starred restaurant and ate the most delicious meal of your life, would you ask the chef ,"What oven do you use"?

 

Ants - Naturalists Handbook

I'll be honest, Hymenoptera give me the heebie jeebies, but ants surely have to be the most fascinating group of insects which have yet evolved. I'm naturally drawn to under-recorded groups and ants are very much neglected in VC55. With only 61 species occurring in Britain they are also a manageable size (compared to say, Ichneumons). But I must resist, I've made a deal with myself that I'll get to ants after I've sorted out aphids (but don't hold your breath!). When the day comes I won't be able to do better than Gary Skinner and Andrew Jarman's updated Ants book. In fact, I could splurge a lot of money on the Naturalists Handbooks Series ... but I must resist! 

Skinner, G.J. & Jarman, A.P. (2025) Ants (Naturalists Handbooks Vol. 24). Pelagic Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781784273040 https://pelagicpublishing.com/collections/naturalists-handbooks/products/ants-second-edition

 

Entomology Journal - December 2024

Not a lot of entomology for me this month, I've been mostly thinking back on this year as well forward to 2025.

I've never kept a regular journal for a whole year before so this has been an interesting exercise. While it's nice to be able to recap the year easily, it hasn't been an easy process for me. I'm not a natural diarist and this journal has been rather selective. To be able to keep this up I need to make some changes, and from January I won't be writing a full journal each month, but I do want to continue on a more advanced ad hoc basis, so in future months it will be more of a digest than a diary. 

FIT Count Summary 2024 

Low carbon biological recording - and remembering sunny afternoons in the garden. 

Spider Surprise

First VC55 record for the Ray Spider, Theridiosoma gemmosum. 

My Journal, December 2024

03.xii.2024
A local trip to the Attenborough Arboretum. Not much to be found but lots of Giant Willow Aphids. After some effort I did manage to confirm a record of Mycena calvularis on a Willow trunk, a good result for my rusty mycology.

 
09.xii.2024
Weather pretty bad, so a week of microscope work catching up on the summer backlog.

 
13.xii.2024
LRES first ever online meeting on Aquatic Bugs seemed to be well received by guests. The members were possibly less keen on this format.

 
17.xii.2024
Went on a secret mission to a secret location to collect a secret species for a secret project! Sorry, but I hope to have an exciting update in 2025!

 
29.xii.2024
After two weeks of the gloomy weather I can remember, finally a pink dawn and some sunshine. With the days getting longer, a prospect of hope on the horizon for entomology in the year to come.

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